For decades, overseas Koreans living in Korea have shared a quiet but persistent frustration: their legal status depended not only on ancestry, but on country of origin. Two people with the same roots could face very different rights, work options, and futures—simply because one came from one country and the other from another. That system is now coming to an end.
On February 12, Korea officially implemented the long-awaited integration of overseas Korean visa statuses, unifying the H-2 (Working Visit) and F-4 (Overseas Korean) visas into a single F-4 status. According to Ministry of Justice, this reform is designed to eliminate nationality-based discrimination and create a fairer, more coherent system for the 860,000 overseas Koreans currently living in Korea.

From “Where Are You From?” to “You Are an Overseas Korean”
Under the old system, visa eligibility and work rights differed sharply depending on country of origin. Some overseas Koreans could freely obtain an F-4 visa, while others—particularly from China or former Soviet states—had to meet additional income, education, or career requirements. If they failed to meet those thresholds, they were pushed into the H-2 system instead.
This division was widely criticized for years as discrimination based on birthplace and socioeconomic status, not on cultural or historical ties to Korea. Civil society groups, academics, and overseas Korean communities repeatedly warned that the system created a hierarchy among overseas Koreans themselves.
With the new reform, all overseas Koreans—regardless of nationality—are eligible for the same F-4 status. The government has explicitly stated that the reform aims to resolve long-standing disputes over unequal treatment.
What the Integration Actually Changes
The integration is not symbolic—it has immediate, practical effects.
- H-2 visas will no longer be newly issued
- Current H-2 holders can switch to F-4 even before their stay expires
- Legal status is now unified under a single category: Overseas Korean (F-4)
This removes the structural divide that treated overseas Koreans differently depending on where they were born or which passport they held.
Ending “Job Discrimination” Linked to Visa Type
Previously, even after upgrading from H-2 to F-4, many people faced a new paradox:
they gained long-term stability but lost the right to do the very jobs they had been doing.
The reform addresses this too.
Although some job restrictions remain, 10 simple labor occupations—including construction labor, manual packaging, cargo handling, and basic service roles—are now explicitly opened to F-4 holders. This marks a major policy reversal and acknowledges real labor market needs without dividing overseas Koreans into “acceptable” and “restricted” groups.
Recognition of Long-Term Belonging, Not Temporary Labor
Beyond work rights, the policy also sends a deeper message: overseas Koreans are no longer viewed primarily as a temporary workforce.
To support long-term settlement:
- Residence periods will vary (1–3 years) based on Korean language ability and social integration
- Income requirements for permanent residency (F-5) will be relaxed for those with strong Korean skills or meaningful volunteer service
These incentives are meant to reward integration and contribution, not nationality or background.
How Overseas Korean Communities Are Responding
Overseas Korean organizations have broadly welcomed the reform—calling it late, but historic. Some groups described it as the most significant change since the Working Visit system was introduced nearly 20 years ago. Many emphasized that this reform finally acknowledges what had long been argued: that dividing overseas Koreans by country of origin was an institutionalized inequality.
At the same time, community leaders are calling for next steps—clear guidance, consistent communication, further easing of job restrictions, and policies that reduce information gaps, which they argue can themselves become another form of discrimination.
Why This Matters, Even If You’re Just Watching Korea
This reform is about more than visas. It reflects a broader shift in how Korea understands identity, fairness, and belonging in a globalized era. By formally removing nationality-based distinctions among overseas Koreans, Korea is taking a step—slow but meaningful—toward aligning law with lived reality.
For overseas Koreans, it changes daily life.
For future migrants, it reshapes expectations.
And for observers, it signals a rare moment when long-standing structural inequality is openly acknowledged—and corrected.

















